V. STANDARD METHOD (ASTM C 136) FOR SIEVE
ANALYSIS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES
1. Scope, Significance, Use:
1.1 This method covers the thedeterminatÃon of the particle size distrÃbutÃon of fine and coarse
aggregates by sieving, Some specifications for aggregates which reference this method contain
grading requirements including both coarse and fine fractions, Instructions are included for sieve
analysis of such aggregates.
1.2 A weighed sample of dry aggregates is separated through a series of sieves of progressively
smaller openings for determination of particle size dÃstrÃbution in the test.
1.3 This method is used primarily to determÃne the grading of materials proposed for use as
aggregates or being used as aggregates. The results are used to determine compliance of the particle size distribution wÃth applÃcable specification requirements and to provide necessary data for control
of the production of various aggregate products and mixtures containing aggregates.
determination of materÃal finer than the 75 micron (No. 200) sieve cannot be achieved by the use of this mehod alone, Test Method C 117 for material finer than 75-micron sieve by washing should be
employed.
2. Apparatus:
2.1 Balances: For fine aggregates, readable to 0.1 g and accurate to 0.1 g or 0.1 % of the test load,
whichever is greater, at any point within the range of use. For coarse aggregate, or mixtures of fine
and coarse aggregates, readable and accurate to 0.5 g or 0.1% of the test load, whichever is greater,
at any point within the range of use.
2.2 Sieves: The sieves shall be mounted on substantial frames constructed in a manner that wil1
prevent loss of material during sieving. The sieves shall conform to Specification E 11 mentioned
earlier.
NOTE: It is recommended that sieves mounted in frames larger than standard 203 mm (8 in.) diameter frames be used for testing coarse aggregates.
2.3 Mechanical Sieve Shaker: A mechanical sieve shaker, if used, shall impart a vertical, or lateral
and vertical, motion to the sieve, causing the particles thereon to bounce and turn so as to present
different orientations to the sieving surface. The sieving action shall be such that the criterion for
adequacy of sieving described in 4.4 is met in a reasonable time period.
NOTE: Use of a mechanical sieve shaker is recommended when the size of the sample is 20 Kg. or greater, and may for smaller samples, including fine aggregates. Excessive time (more than approximately 10 min) to adequate sieving may result in degradation of the sample. The same mechanical sieve shaker may not be practical for all sizes of samples, since the large sieving is needed for practical sieving of a large nominal size coarse aggregates very likely could result in loss or a portion of the sample if used for a small sample of coarse aggregates or fine aggregates.
2.4 Oven: An oven of an appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110+5°C.
3. Sampling:
3.1 Sample the aggregates in accordance with ASTM D75. The Weight of the field sample shall be
the weight shown ASTM D 75 or four times the weight required in 3.4 and 3.5 (except as modified
in 3.6). whichever is greater.
3.2 Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to an amount suitable for testing using the applicable
procedures described in ASTM C 702. The sample for the test shall be approximate to the Weight
desired when dry and shall be the end result of the reduction. Reduction to an exact, predetermined
weight shall not be permitted. (ASTM D 75 and C 702 is mentioned in previous articles).
NOTE: Where to sieve analysis including the determination of material finer than the 75-micron sieve is the only testing proposed, the size of the sample may be reduced in the field to avoid shipping excessive quantities of extra material to the laboratory.
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3.3 Fine Aggregates
The test sample of fine aggregate shall weigh, after drying, approximately the following amount:
Aggregate with at least 95% passing a 2.36 mm (No.8) Sieve - 100 gm
Aggregate with at least 85% passing a 4.75 mm (No.4) Sieve and more than 5% retained on a 2.36
mm (No.8) Sieve - 500 gm
3.4 Coarse Aggregates
The weight of the test sample of coarse aggregate shall conform to the following:
3.5 Coarse and Fine Aggregates Mixtures
The weight of the test sample of coarse and fine aggregates mixtures shall be the same as for coarse
aggregate in 3.4.
3.6 The size of sample required for aggregates with large nominal maximum size is such as to
preclude testing except with large mechanical sieve shakers. However, the intent of this method will
be satisfied for samples of aggregates larger than 50 mm nominal size, if a smaller weight of the sample is used, provided that the criterion for acceptance or rejection of the material is based on the average of results of several samples, such that the sample size used times the number of samples averaged equals the minimum eight samples shown in 3.4.
3.7 In the event that the amount of material finer than the 75 micron (No. 200) sieve is to be determined by Test Method ASTM C 117 (wash sieving) proceed as follows:
a. For aggregates with a nominal maximum size of 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) or less, use the same test
sample for testing by Test Method ASTM C-117 and this method. First test the sample in accordance
with Test Method ASTM through the final drying operation, then dry sieve the sample as
stipulated in 4.2 through 4.7 of this "Standard Method ASTM C-136.
b. For aggregates With a nominal maximum size greater than 12.5 mm (1/2 in.), a single test sample may be used as described above or a separate Test Sample may be used for Test Method ASTM C
117 and this method.
c. Where the specification requires determination of the total amount of material finer than the 75-micron sieve by washing and dry sieving, use the procedure described in (a) of 3.7.
4. Procedure:
4.1 Dry the sample to constant weight at a temperature of110+5°C.
NOTE: For control purposes, particularly where rapid results are desired, it is generally not necessary to dry coarse
aggregates for the sieve analysis test. The results are little affected by the moisture content unless the nominal maximum size is smaller than about 12.5 mm (1/2 in.); 2. the coarse aggregates contain appreciable material finer than 4.75 mm (# 4), or (3) the coarse aggregates is highly absorptive (a lightweight aggregates, for example). Also, samples may be dried at the higher temperatures associated with the use of hot plates without affecting results, provided steam escapes without generating pressures sufficient to fracture the particles, and temperatures are not so great as to cause the chemical breakdown of the aggregates.
4.2 Suitable sieve sizes shall be selected to furnish the information required by the specifications
covering the material to be tested. The use of additional sieves may be desirable to provide other
information, such as fineness modules, or to regulate the amount of material on a sieve. Nest the
sieves in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and place the sample on the top
sieve. Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period, established by
trial or checked by measurement on the actual test sample, to meet the criterion for adequacy or
Sieving described in 4.4.
4.3 Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that all particles have the opportunity to reach
sieve openings a number of times during the sieving operation. For sieves with openings smaller
than 4.75mm (#4), the weight retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall
not exceed 6 Kg/m*2 (4 gm/in*2) of the sieving surface. For Sieves with openings, 4.75mm (#4) and larger, the weight in kg/m*2 of the sieving surface shall not exceed the product of 2.5x(sieve opening in mm). In no case Shall the weight be so great as to cause permanent deformation of the sieve cloth, The 6 kg/m*2 amounts to194 g for the usual 205 mm (8 in.) diameter sieve. The amount of material retained on a sieve may be regulated by - 1. the introduction of a sieve with larger openings immediately above the given sieve or 2. testing the sample in a number of increments.
4.4 Continue sieving for a sufficient period and in such a manner that, after completion, not more than
1 weight % of the residue on any individual sieve will pass that sieve during 1 min of continuous
hand sieving performed as follows:
Hold the individual sieve, provided with a snug-fitting pan and cover, in a slightly inclined position in one hand. Strike the side of the sieve sharply and with an upward motion against the heel
of the other hand at the rate of about 150 times per minute, turn the sieve about one-sixth of a
revolution at intervals of about 25 strokes. In determining the sufficiency of sieving for sizes larger than the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, limit the material on the sieve to a single layer of particles. If the size of the mounted testing sieves makes the described sieving motion impractical, use 203 mm (8 in.)
diameter sieves to verify the sufficiency of sieving.
4.5 In the case of coarse and fine aggregates mixtures the portion of the sample finer than the 4.75
mm (#4) sieve may be distributed among two or more sets of sieves to prevent overloading of
individual sieves.
Alternatively, the portion finer than the 4.75 mm (No.4) sieve may be reduced in size using a
mechanical splitter according to ASTM C-702. If this procedure is followed, compute the weight of
each size increment of the original sample as follows:
A=W1/W2xB
A =weight of size increment on total sample basis
W1 = weight of fraction finer than 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve in total sample
W2 = weight of the reduced portion of material finer than 4.75 mm (No.4) sieve actually sieved
B = weight of size increment in reduced portion sieved.
4.6 Unless a mechanical sieve shaker is used, hand sieve particles larger than 75 mm (5 in.) by
determining the smallest sieve opening through which each particle will pass. Start the test on the
Smallest Sieve to be used. Rotate the particles, if necessary, in order to determine whether they will
pass through a particular opening; however, do not force particles to pass through an opening.
4.7 Determine the weight of each size increment by weighing. The total weight of the material after
Sieving should check closely with the original weight of the sample placed on the sieves. If the amounts
differ by more than 0.3% based on the original dry sample weight, the result should not be used for
acceptance purposes.
4.8 If the sample has previously been tested by Test Method ASTM C-117, add the weight finer than
the 75 micron (No. 200) sieve determined by that method to the weight passing the 75 micron
(No.200) sieve by dry sieving of the same sample in this method (ASTM C-136).
5. Calculation:
5.1 Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained or percentages in various size fractions
to the nearest 0.1% on the basis of the total weight of the initial dry sample. If the same test sample
was first tested by Test Method ASTM C 117, include the weight of material finer than the 75
micron (No. 200) size by washing in the sieve analysis calculation: and use the total dry sample
weight prior to washing in Test Method ASTM C 117 as the basis for calculating all the percentages.
5.2 Calculate the fineness modules when required, by adding the total percentages of material in the
sample that is coarser than each of the following sieves (cumulative percentages retained), and
dividing the sum by 150 micron (No. 100), 300 micron (No.50). 600 micron (No.30), 1.18-mm9No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5-mm (3/8-in.). 19.0-mm (3/4-in.), 37.5-mm (1.5 in.),
and larger, increasing in the ratio of 2 to 1.
6. Report:
The report shall include the following:
Total percentage of material passing each sieve, or
- Total percentage of material retained on each sieve,
- Report percentage to the nearest whole number, except if the percentage passing the 75 micron
(No.200) sieve is less than 10%, it shall be reported to the nearest 0.1%.
- Report the fineness modules, when required, to the nearest 0.01.
sieve analysis of fine aggregate.
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